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Glory of the Morning was the first woman ever described in the written history of Wisconsin,〔(Ho-poe-kaw (Glory of the Morning) at the Wisconsin Historical Society )〕 and the only known female chief of the Hocąk (Winnebago) nation. At least one source has rendered her name as ''Hopokoekau'', which is a corruption of ''Hąboguwįga'', from ''hąp'', "day"; ''ho-'', "the time at which"; ''gu'', "to come arriving"; ''-wį'', an affix indicating the feminine gender; and ''-ga'', a definite article used for personal names.〔The name is given as ''Hopokoekau'' in a Note by Lyman C. Draper in David McBride, "The Capture of Black Hawk," Wisconsin Historical Collections, 5 (1868): 293-297 (). Publius Virgilius Lawson, The History of Winnebago County, Wisconsin; Its Cities, Towns, Resources, People, 2 vols. (Chicago: C. F. Cooper & Co., 1908) 44, 57. The rather odd form ''Wa-ho-po-e-kau'', is found in John T. de la Ronde, "Personal Narrative," Wisconsin Historical Collections, 7 (1876) 345-365 (). The form ''Haarpokewinga'' is given by Nancy Oestereich Lurie, "Trends of Change in Patterns of Child Care and Training among the Wisconsin Winnebago," Wisconsin Archaeologist, 29 n.s. (Sept.-Dec., 1948) 50. A more definitive ''Habogųįga'' was given to Murphy by the HoCąk Wazija Haci Language Division of the HoChunk Nation (Murphy, p.c. to Richard L. Dieterle, 8 March 2009). See Lucy Eldersveld Murphy, A Gathering of Rivers: Indians, Métis, and Mining in the Western Great Lakes, 1737-1832 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000) 28. For a full discussion of this topic, see Richard Dieterle, (“The Glory of the Morning” )〕 The name is conventionally translated as, "Glory of the Morning" or "The Coming Dawn." She was the daughter of the chief of the tribe,〔James H. Lockwood (b. 1793), "Early Times and Events in Wisconsin," Wisconsin Historical Collections, 2 (1856): 98-196 (); note by Draper in McBride, "The Capture of Black Hawk," 297; Lawson, "The Winnebago Tribe," 136. Smith, Folklore of the Winnebago Tribe, 155. An early primary source identifies her as the sister of the chief — Augustin Grignon, "Seventy-Two Years' Recollections of Wisconsin," Wisconsin Historical Collections, 3 (1857): 197-295 (); de la Ronde, "Personal Narrative," 347. According to Lyman Draper, One-Eyed Decorah (''Wajxatega'') (b. ca. 1772), the son of ''Čap’osgag''a, told Judge Gale that he was descended from the chief of the tribe through his grandmother. Note by Draper in McBride, "The Capture of Black Hawk," 297. The Hocąk oral tradition recorded by Radin identified her indirectly as the daughter of the chief, as does the traditions recorded by Smith. For these, see Paul Radin, "Winnebago Contact with the French," Winnebago Notebooks, Freeman #3897 (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, n.d.) Winnebago V, #17, 22-34. A loose translation is found in Paul Radin, The Winnebago Tribe (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1990 ()) 19-21.David Lee Smith, Folklore of the Winnebago Tribe (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997) 155-160.〕 and therefore a member of the Thunderbird Clan who lived in a large village on Doty Island in what is now Menasha. Sometime before 1730, the French—in connection with their development of the vast territory of Louisiana-- renewed contact with the tribe. A small force of French troops under the command of Sabrevoir De Carrie visited the Hocągara and established cordial relations. The opportunities of this contact impressed themselves upon De Carrie, who resigned his commission to become a fur trader among the tribe. It was around this time that he married Glory of the Morning. It cannot be established whether she was made chief before or after this marriage. Her marriage seems to have enhanced her status, as De Carrie is remembered very favorably in the Hocąk oral tradition, which says, "in his affairs he was most emphatically a leader of men."〔''wocga hirukanaižą hehere''. Radin, Winnebago Notebooks, (Winnebago V, #17, 26. )〕 Glory of the Morning bore him two sons and a daughter.〔Lockwood, "Early Times and Events in Wisconsin," 178. Much the same is said in de la Ronde, "Personal Narrative," 347; Publius Virgilius Lawson, "The Winnebago Tribe," Wisconsin Archaeologist, 6, #3 (July, 1907) 77-162 (). Elsewhere, Lawson says that he had three sons and two daughters, but does not cite a source. Publius Virgilius Lawson, The History of Winnebago County, Wisconsin; Its Cities, Towns, Resources, People, 2 vols. (Chicago: C. F. Cooper & Co., 1908) 57. On p. 46 he says that it is three sons and one daughter.〕 The eldest son was ''Cugiga'', "Spoon, Ladle", known to history as "Spoon Dekaury". The younger son was known as ''Cap’osgaga'', "White Breast", also called "Buzzard Decorah". In time the marriage dissolved, and De Carrie returned to his residence in Quebec, taking his little daughter with him. When she grew up, she married Laurent Fily, an Indian trader in Quebec. When the French and Indian War broke out, De Carrie resumed his commission in the French army, and during the Battle of Sainte-Foy (April 28, 1760) was mortally wounded and later died in the hospital in Montreal.〔de la Ronde, "Personal Narrative," 347. Lawson, The History of Winnebago County, Wisconsin, 57.〕 As the French struggled with the Fox over the fur trade, Glory of the Morning firmly allied herself with her husband's people, precipitating seven years of war with their neighbors. In the end, she was instrumental in bringing peace. Later she allowed renewed warfare against the Illini, her braves falling upon the Michigamea and the Cahokia. When war between France and England broke out in 1754, the Hocak warriors attacked the English settlements far to the east. However, when the British overcame the French, Glory of the Morning established friendly relations with them and refused to tread the war path of Pontiac.〔The foregoing was based on oral traditions collected by Smith. David Lee Smith, Folklore of the Winnebago Tribe (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997) 155-160.〕 Three years later Capt. Jonathan Carver, a Connecticut Yankee in the service of the Crown, paid a visit to her village in 1766, and gives an interesting account of her. On the 25th (September ) I left the Green Bay, and proceeded up Fox River, still in company with the traders and some Indians. On the 25th I arrived at the great town of the Winnebagoes, situated on a small island just as you enter the east end of Lake Winnebago. Here the queen who presided over this tribe instead of a Sachem, received me with great civility, and entertained me in a very distinguished manner, during the four days I continued with her. Nothing is heard of her until the Kinzies visited her in 1832. She had lived to an unheard of age. Mrs. Kinzie paints a portrait of her: There was among their number, this year, one whom I had never before seen—the mother of the elder Day-kau-ray. No one could tell her age, but all agreed that she must have seen upwards of a hundred winters. Her eyes dimmed, and almost white with age—her face dark and withered, like a baked apple—her voice tremulous and feeble, except when raised in fury to reprove her graceless grandsons, who were fond of playing her all sorts of mischievous tricks, indicated the very great age she must have attained. She usually went upon all fours, not having strength to hold herself erect. On the day of the payment, having received her portion, which she carefully hid in the corner of her blanket, she came crawling along and seated herself on the door step, to count her treasure.... In spite of their vexatious tricks, she seemed very fond of them, and never failed to beg something of her Father, that she might bestow upon them. She must have died soon afterwards. Hocąk lore has filled in the details. The tradition says that when she was out among the pines, an owl, a creature of ill omen, perched nearby and uttered her name.〔This is based upon a pun in part. Her name, ''Hąboguwįga'', is almost identical to ''Hąpokuwįga'', "Owl Coming Hither."〕 That night, wrapped in her furs with a smile on her face, she died. Strangely, during the raging blizzard that engulfed the village that night, the rare sound of thunder could be heard, as the patron deities of her clan called her home.〔David Lee Smith, Folklore of the Winnebago Tribe (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997) 160.〕 Her offspring flourished as the famed Decorah family, who supplied countless chiefs to the nation.〔For the Decorah family origins, see (“The Origin of the Decorah Family” )〕 Her grandson was Chief Waukon Decorah, the eponym of two cities in Iowa, Waukon and Decorah.〔Virgil J. Vogel, Iowa Place Names of Indian Origin (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1983) 16, 103.〕 ==Notes== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Glory of the Morning」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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